Risks of Cosmetic Surgery and Complications

Every surgical procedure carries risks, and cosmetic surgery is no exception. As an invasive intervention involving incisions and tissue manipulation, it presents a range of potential complications. These can vary from person to person, which is why it’s important to have a comprehensive and personalised discussion with Dr Gary Kode during your consultation.

While access to an experienced surgeon, accredited facilities, and attentive post-operative care can significantly reduce the likelihood of complications, no surgery is without risk. In some cases, unexpected issues may still arise despite clinical protocols and high standards.

During your consultation, Dr Kode will explain the specific risks related to your chosen procedure and answer any questions you may have. The information provided here is intended as a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice. For guidance tailored to your individual circumstances, we recommend scheduling a consultation with Dr Gary Kode.

General Risks of Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery

General Anaesthesia Risks

Some patients can have a reaction to anaesthesia. Prior to surgery, you will be provided with the details of your anesthetist. This will allow you to discuss any specific concerns you may have. If you have had any allergic reactions in the past please tell Dr Kode and anesthetist.

General Anaesthesia risks, include:

Adverse Reactions to Anaesthesia
- Some individuals may have allergic reactions or adverse responses to the anaesthesia medications used, which can include;
  - Respiratory distress
  - Changes in blood pressure
  - Cardiac abnormalities
Breathing Difficulties
- General anaesthesia can temporarily suppress the respiratory system, leading to breathing difficulties or, in rare cases, respiratory failure.
- This risk is higher in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
Nausea and Vomiting
- Patients often experience nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia.
- Medications can be administered to help manage these symptoms.
Aspiration
- In rare cases, gastric contents can enter the lungs during the surgery, leading to aspiration pneumonia.
- Measures are taken to reduce this risk, such as fasting before surgery.
Cardiac Complications
- General anaesthesia can impact the cardiovascular system, potentially causing changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or heart rhythm.
- Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions may be at higher risk.
Allergic Reactions
- Although uncommon, individuals can have allergic reactions to the medications or substances used during anaesthesia.
- This can range from mild reactions, such as skin rashes, to severe reactions that require immediate medical attention.
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD)
- Some individuals may experience temporary cognitive changes, including confusion, memory loss, or difficulty concentrating, after general anaesthesia.
- The exact cause of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is not fully understood, and the risk is higher in older adults.
Medication Side Effects
- The medications used during general anaesthesia can have side effects such as drowsiness, headache, or muscle aches.
- These effects are typically temporary and dissipate as the medications wear off.

It’s important to note that the risks associated with general anaesthesia are relatively low and anaesthesia providers take multiple precautions prioritising patient safety. They diligently assess each individual’s medical history and tailor the anaesthesia plan accordingly.

Bleeding (Hematoma)

Bleeding, or hematoma, is a potential risk associated with plastic surgery. Although it does not often occur, it can happen. Some factors that contribute to the risk of bleeding include:

Surgical Technique
- The surgical technique used can influence the risk of bleeding.
- Surgeons take precautions to reduce bleeding during the procedure, such as using cautery or sutures to control blood vessels.
Individual Factors
- Certain individuals may be more prone to bleeding due to their unique physiology.
- Factors such as age, overall health, and certain medical conditions like bleeding disorders can increase the risk.
Medications
- Certain medications, such as blood thinners or anti-inflammatory drugs, can increase the risk of bleeding.
- It is essential to inform Dr Kode about any medications you are taking to manage this effectively.
Trauma or Excessive Activity
- Physical trauma or engaging in strenuous activities too soon after surgery can disrupt healing and lead to bleeding.
- It is crucial to follow post-operative instructions regarding activity restrictions to reduce this risk.
Infection
- In rare cases, infection can contribute to bleeding.
- Proper surgical techniques and post-operative wound care help reduce the risk of infection.
Seroma Formation
- A seroma is a collection of fluid that can accumulate in the surgical area, causing swelling and potentially increasing the risk of bleeding.
- Techniques such as the placement of drains or compression garments can help lower the occurrence of seromas.

It is important to note that bleeding risks can vary depending on the specific procedure being performed. It is vital to follow post-operative instructions, including avoiding activities that may increase the risk of bleeding and promptly notifying Dr Kode if you experience any excessive bleeding or swelling.

Fluid Build-Up (Seroma)

Fluid build-up, known as seroma, is another potential risk associated with plastic surgery. Seromas can occur when fluid accumulates in the surgical area, leading to swelling and discomfort. Below are some factors that contribute to the risk of seroma formation:

Surgical Technique
- The surgical technique employed can influence the risk of seroma development.
- Techniques that involve a larger surgical pocket or disrupting lymphatic vessels may increase the chances of fluid accumulation.
Extent of Surgery
- The extent and complexity of the surgical procedure can impact the risk of seroma formation.
- Surgeries that involve extensive tissue dissection or removal, such as excess skin reuction, abdominoplasty or breast surgeries, may have a higher risk.
Drainage
- The use of drains during surgery helps to remove excess fluid and reduce the risk of seroma formation.
- Proper placement and management of drains are essential to reduce fluid build-up.
Post-operative Care
- Following post-operative care instructions is crucial in preventing seroma formation.
- Activities that increase fluid accumulation, such as excessive movement or exertion, should be avoided.
- Wearing compression garments as advised by Dr Kode can also help reduce the risk.
Individual Factors
- Individual factors such as age, overall health, and underlying medical conditions can influence the risk of seroma formation.
- Certain medical conditions, such as lymphatic disorders or previous history of seromas, may also increase the likelihood.
Infection
- In some cases, seromas can be associated with infection.
- Proper wound care and adherence to hygiene practices help reduce the risk of infection and subsequent fluid accumulation.

It is important to note that the risk of seroma can vary depending on the specific surgical procedure. If a seroma does develop, it can often be managed through drainage or aspiration under medical supervision. Promptly informing Dr Kode about any unusual swelling or discomfort is essential for early detection and appropriate management of seromas.

Infection

There is a risk of wound infection and wound breakdown. Should an infection develop following surgery, Dr Kode will prescribe antibiotics as appropriate and monitor your progress closely. While steps are taken to reduce the risk, it can still occur. Factors that contribute to the risk of infection, include:

Surgical Site
- The location and extent of the surgical site can impact the risk of infection.
- Areas with a higher bacterial load, such as the mouth, nose, or genital area, may have an increased risk.
Sterile Technique
- The use of sterile instruments, equipment, and a sterile surgical environment is crucial to reduce the risk of infection.
- Therefore, adherence to strict infection control protocols by the surgical team is important.
Pre-existing Infections
- If a patient has a pre-existing infection, such as a respiratory or urinary tract infection, there is a higher risk of complications, including surgical site infection.
- The proper evaluation and management of existing infections before surgery are important.
Patient Health
- The overall health of the patient plays a role in infection risk.
- Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as diabetes or autoimmune disorders, can increase the susceptibility to infections.
- Smoking and obesity can also impair the body’s ability to fight off infections.
Post-operative Care
- Following post-operative care instructions is crucial in preventing infections.
- Proper wound care, including cleaning and dressing changes, should be followed.
- Any signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, swelling, or drainage from the incision site, should be promptly reported to Dr Kode.
Hygiene
- Maintaining personal hygiene, both before and after surgery, helps reduce the risk of infection.
- Both proper handwashing and cleanliness are important for preventing the introduction of bacteria into the surgical site.

Surgeons may prescribe prophylactic antibiotics before surgery to further reduce the risk. Promptly reporting any signs of infection to Dr Kode allows for early intervention and treatment. With proper precautions and diligent care, the risk of infection can be reduced in plastic surgery procedures.

Delayed Wound Healing

While most surgical incisions heal without complications, some factors can contribute to delayed wound healing, including:

Poor Blood Supply
- Adequate blood supply is crucial for wound healing.
- Conditions like diabetes, smoking, vascular diseases, and certain medications can impair blood flow to the surgical site, leading to delayed healing.
Infection
- Infections can hinder the healing process and delay wound closure.
- Prompt identification and treatment of any signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, swelling, or discharge from the incision site, are important.
Chronic Medical Conditions
- Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, or immunodeficiency diseases, can impair the body’s healing process and increase the risk of delayed wound healing.
Poor Nutrition
- Proper nutrition is essential for wound healing.
- Inadequate intake of essential nutrients like protein, vitamins (particularly vitamin C and vitamin A), and minerals can impair the body’s ability to repair tissues and delay wound healing.
Tension on Wound
- Excessive tension or pressure on the wound can impede healing.
- It is important to follow post-operative instructions regarding activity restrictions, avoiding strenuous activities, and proper wound care to reduce tension on the incision site.
Medications
- Certain medications, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, can delay wound healing.
- It is important to inform Dr Kode about any medications being taken to assess their potential impact on wound healing.
Size and Complexity of the Wound
- The size and complexity of the wound can impact healing. Larger wounds may take more time to heal than smaller ones.
- Dr Kode will assess the specifics of the procedure and provide appropriate post-operative care instructions.

It is important for patients to follow Dr Kode’s post-operative care instructions diligently, including proper wound care, maintaining suitable nutrition and avoiding factors that can hinder healing. Regular follow-up appointments with Dr Kode allow for close monitoring of the healing process. If any concerns arise, it is crucial to promptly communicate with him for evaluation and appropriate management.

Scarring or hypertrophic scars

Scarring is a part of the healing process after plastic surgery. While most scars fade and become less noticeable over time, there is a risk of developing hypertrophic scars, which are thick, raised, and red in appearance.

Some factors that can contribute to the risk of scarring or hypertrophic scars after plastic surgery, include:

Individual Healing Response
- Each person’s body responds differently to the healing process, including scar formation.
- Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing hypertrophic scars.
Surgical Technique
- The surgical technique used by the plastic surgeon plays a role in scar formation.
- Skilled surgeons take care in reducing tension on the incision site, using suturing techniques, and placing incisions in discreet locations to optimise healing and reduce scarring.
Wound Care
- Proper wound care during the recovery period is crucial to reduce the risk of excessive scarring.
- Following Dr Kode’s instructions regarding keeping the incision clean, using prescribed ointments or dressings, and avoiding activities that can strain or disrupt the wound are important.
Infection
- Infection at the surgical site can increase the risk of scar formation.
- It is important to follow proper hygiene practices, take prescribed antibiotics if necessary, and promptly report any signs of infection to Dr Kode.
Sun Exposure
- Exposing healing incisions to direct sunlight can lead to increased pigmentation and worsen the appearance of scars.
- It is important to protect the incision sites from sun exposure by using sunscreen and covering them with clothing or bandages.
Smoking
- Smoking can impair the healing process and increase the risk of poor scar formation.
- Nicotine and other substances in tobacco can reduce blood flow to the skin, hindering proper healing. It is advisable to quit smoking or refrain from smoking during the recovery period.
Scar Care
- Proper scar care techniques, such as massaging the scar, using silicone-based products or scar gels, and following scar management protocols recommended by Dr Kode, can help optimise the healing process and reduce the visibility of scars.

It is important to have realistic expectations regarding scarring after plastic surgery. While Dr Kode strives to reduce scarring, individual factors and the specifics of the procedure can influence the outcome. Regular follow-up appointments with Dr Kode allow for close monitoring of the healing process and appropriate interventions if necessary.

All surgery leaves a scar, and plastic surgery is no different. To reduce the appearance of scarring (for some procedures but not all), you may be recommended for Laser scar treatments following surgery.

Serious, Life Threatening Risks of Cosmetic Surgery

Deep Vein Thrombosis or Deep Vein Embolism

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition. It can occur when a blood clot occurs in a vein located deep inside the body, typically in the thigh or lower leg. It is important to inform Dr Kode right away if you suspect you are experiencing symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis so appropriate medications and therapies can be prescribed immediately.

Some factors that contribute to the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) after plastic surgery, include:

Prolonged Immobility
- Procedures that require extended periods of immobility, such as lengthy surgeries or recovery periods, can increase the risk of blood clot formation.
- Immobility slows down blood circulation, allowing blood to pool and potentially form clots in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis.
Surgical Trauma
- Surgical procedures can cause trauma to blood vessels, increasing the risk of clot formation.
- Tissue manipulation, incisions, and surgical dissection can disrupt the blood flow and trigger a clotting response.
Body Changes
- Certain plastic surgery procedures, such as excess skin removal surgeries or fat transfer procedures, can lead to changes in body composition.
- These changes, including alterations in fat distribution, can affect blood flow patterns and potentially increase the risk of clot formation.
Personal Risk Factors
- Certain individuals may have a higher predisposition to developing blood clots due to personal risk factors. These include;
  - A history of blood clotting disorders
  - Previous Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) events
  - Family history of clotting disorders
  - Obesity
  - Smoking
  - Advanced age
  - Certain medical conditions like cancer or heart disease.

Reducing the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) after plastic surgery

Plastic surgeons and healthcare providers take several preventive measures, such as:

Early mobilisation and movement after surgery to promote blood circulation and prevent blood clots from forming.
Prescribing compression stockings or pneumatic compression devices to increase blood flow and reduce the risk of clots.
Administering blood-thinning medications, such as anticoagulants or low molecular weight heparin, to prevent clot formation.
Educating patients about the signs and symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE), such as leg pain, swelling, redness, warmth, or shortness of breath, and advising them to seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms occur.

It’s important for patients to disclose their medical history, including any previous clotting events or risk factors, to Dr Kode. This information allows him to assess individual risks and take appropriate measures to reduce the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) during and after surgery.

A Stroke or Death

While rare, a stroke or death are potential risks associated with plastic surgery. These risks can occur during or after the procedure and can be attributed to various factors. Surgical trauma, anaesthesia complications, blood clot formation, and underlying medical conditions can increase the risk of stroke or death. It is crucial for patients to undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation prior to surgery to assess their overall health and identify any potential risk factors. Additionally, skilled surgeons and anesthesiologists follow strict safety protocols to reduce these risks, including monitoring vital signs, using appropriate anesthesia techniques, and providing post-operative care.

Face Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Blepharoplasty (Eyelid Surgery) Risks and Complications

– Bruising and Swelling: This is to be expected around the eyes after surgery and generally subsides over days to weeks as the area heals.
– Dry Eyes or Irritation: Some people experience temporary dryness, burning, or a gritty sensation in the eyes. In rare cases, this may persist.
– Difficulty Closing Eyes: Swelling or changes to the eyelid position can temporarily make it harder to fully close the eyes. In uncommon cases, further treatment may be needed.
– Asymmetry: After healing, there may be differences in the shape or position of each eyelid.
– Ectropion: The lower eyelid may turn outward, exposing the inner surface. This is uncommon but may require additional procedures.
– Hematoma: A collection of blood under the skin can cause swelling, discomfort, and pressure. This may require drainage.
– Infection: Although uncommon, infection can occur and may require antibiotics or further treatment.
– Vision Changes: Blurred or double vision may occur temporarily due to swelling. Permanent vision loss is extremely rare but has been reported.
– Poor scarring: Eyelid incisions generally heal without much visible scarring, but healing can vary. Scars may remain more visible in some cases.
– Allergic Reactions: Some people may experience a reaction to sutures, adhesive tapes, dressings, or prescribed medications.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Browplasty (Brow Lift) Risks and Complications

– Swelling and Bruising: Typically around the forehead, eyebrow and eye area after surgery. This usually resolves over time but may persist for several weeks.
– Numbness or Tingling: Temporary loss or alteration of sensation in the forehead or scalp can occur due to nerve disruption during surgery. In rare cases, this may be prolonged or permanent.
– Asymmetry: Differences in eyebrow height or shape may be noticeable after healing. Further treatment may be needed if this is significant.
– Hairline Changes or Hair Loss: Hair thinning, hair loss, or changes in hairline position may occur at or near the incision site, particularly with techniques involving scalp incisions.
– Poor or Noticeable Scarring – While scars are usually well-concealed, their appearance can vary depending on healing, skin type, and surgical technique.
– Infection: Uncommon but possible. May require medical treatment with antibiotics or further intervention.
– Temporary Muscle Weakness: Some people may experience reduced movement of the forehead muscles. This is usually temporary but can be prolonged.
– Skin Discoloration: Bruising or temporary pigmentation changes in the treated area may occur during the healing process.
– Hematoma: Collection of blood beneath the skin, which may require drainage.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Chin Liposuction/Submental Liposuction Risks and Complications

– Swelling and Bruising: Expected in the chin, jawline, and neck area. Usually settles within weeks but may persist longer in some cases.
– Numbness or Altered Sensation: Temporary loss of feeling or tingling in the treated area due to nerve irritation. Rarely, changes may be prolonged or permanent.
– Asymmetry: Uneven skin surface, dimpling, or irregularities may occur and could require further treatment.
– Skin Laxity: Lax skin in the treated area may be more noticeable after fat removal, particularly if skin elasticity is reduced.
– Poor or Noticeable Scarring: Scars at the incision sites are usually discreet, but their visibility can vary depending on healing and skin type.
– Infection: Uncommon but possible. May require antibiotics or further medical management.
– Haematoma or Seroma: Collection of blood or fluid beneath the skin, which may require drainage.
– Skin Discolouration: Temporary bruising or pigmentation changes during the healing process.
– Changes in Skin Sensitivity: The treated area may feel tight, firm, or sensitive during recovery.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Face Lift (Rytidectomy) Risks and Complications

– Swelling and Bruising: May occur around the cheeks, jawline, and neck. This can last for varying periods depending on the individual.
– Numbness or Tingling: Temporary changes in sensation in the face, neck, or ears due to nerve disturbance. In some cases, these changes may be prolonged.
– Asymmetry: Differences in facial shape, expression, or scar position between sides, which may require further surgery.
– Hair Loss or Hairline Changes: Can occur around incision sites, particularly near the temples or behind the ears.
– Poor or Noticeable Scarring: Scars are generally positioned to be less visible, but their appearance can vary depending on healing and the technique used.
– Infection: Although uncommon, infection can occur and may require antibiotics or further treatment.
– Temporary Muscle Weakness: May affect facial movement; often related to swelling. In rare cases, nerve injury can cause longer-term weakness.
– Skin Discolouration: Bruising or temporary pigmentation changes in the treated area may occur during the healing process.
– Hematoma: A collection of blood beneath the skin that may require drainage.
– Skin Loss/necrosis: An uncommon complication where healing is impaired, which can be linked to factors such as smoking or reduced blood flow to the area.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Fat Transfer to Face Risks and Complications

– Swelling and Bruising: Can develop in both the donor area (where the fat is taken from) and the face. Usually settles over time but may persist for several weeks.
– Asymmetry: Uneven volume or shape between the two sides of the face after healing. May require further treatment to address.
– Overcorrection or Undercorrection: The transferred fat may not survive evenly, leading to areas with more or less fullness than planned.
– Changes in Skin Sensation: Temporary or, rarely, longer-term numbness, tingling, or altered sensitivity at the donor or injection sites.
– Fat Resorption: A portion of the transferred fat may be reabsorbed by the body over time, which can alter the final appearance.
– Fat Necrosis: Death of small areas of transferred fat can cause firm lumps or cyst-like areas under the skin.
– Oil Cysts: Small pockets of liquefied fat may form, sometimes requiring drainage or removal.
– Infection: Rare but possible at either the donor or recipient sites; requires prompt treatment with antibiotics or other interventions.
– Irregularities or Lumpiness: Uneven texture or changes in the treated area due to variable fat survival or healing responses.
– Hematoma or Seroma: Accumulation of blood (hematoma) or fluid (seroma) under the skin at the donor or recipient site; may require drainage.
– Skin Discolouration: Temporary or, rarely, persistent changes in skin pigmentation at the donor or recipient sites.
– Allergic Reactions: Uncommon, but may occur in response to dressings, sutures, or medications used during or after the procedure.
– Vascular Complications: Very rare but serious; if fat is inadvertently injected into a blood vessel, it can block blood flow and cause tissue damage or, in extremely rare cases, vision changes or stroke.
– Poor scarring: Scars are generally positioned to be less visible, but their appearance can vary depending on healing and the technique used.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Platysmaplasty (Neck Lift) Risks and Complications

– Swelling and Bruising: This is to be expected after surgery and can last for several weeks before settling.
– Temporary or Persistent Numbness: Altered skin sensation, tingling, or numbness in the neck, jawline, or chin area can occur and may resolve over time, but in some cases may be long-lasting.
– Asymmetry: The two sides of the neck may heal differently, leading to visible differences in skin tension or appearance.
– Hematoma: A collection of blood beneath the skin, which may need to be drained to prevent further issues.
– Seroma: Accumulation of clear fluid under the skin, which may require aspiration or drainage.
– Infection: Uncommon but possible; may require antibiotics or, in some cases, further surgical care.
– Delayed or Poor Wound Healing: Some incisions may take longer to heal or may reopen during recovery.
– Poor scarring: All surgery leaves scars. While they often fade, some individuals may develop thicker, raised, or more noticeable scars.
– Skin Irregularities: Lumpiness, uneven texture, or rippling in the treated area may develop.
– Overcorrection or Undercorrection: The neck may appear overly tight or still have laxity after healing.
– Nerve Injury: Rare but possible; may affect movement or control of the lower lip, chin, or neck muscles. This can be temporary or, in rare cases, permanent.
– Changes in Skin Colour: Temporary redness or pigmentation changes can occur; rarely, these may persist.
– Allergic Reaction: Reaction to dressings, sutures, medications, or anaesthetic agents.
– Hair Thinning or Loss: May occur near incision lines placed in the hairline or behind the ears; can be temporary or permanent.
– Skin Loss: Rare but possible if blood supply to the skin is disrupted.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Otoplasty (Ear Surgery) Risks and Complications

– Swelling and Bruising: This is to be expected after surgery and can last for several weeks before settling.
– Temporary Numbness or Tingling: Altered sensation around the ears or scalp may occur and can take weeks or months to dissipate.
– Asymmetry: Both ears may not heal in exactly the same way, leading to differences in position, shape, or appearance.
– Overcorrection or Undercorrection: The ears may appear pinned back too far, or not far enough, compared to the desired outcome.
– Hematoma: A collection of blood beneath the skin, which may require drainage to prevent further issues.
– Seroma: Fluid build-up under the skin, which may require aspiration or drainage.
– Infection: Can occur in the skin or deeper tissues; may require antibiotics or further treatment.
– Delayed or Poor Wound Healing: Incisions may take longer to heal or may reopen. Raised or thickened scars, especially in predisposed individuals.
– Suture Complications: Stitches beneath the skin can sometimes work their way to the surface, causing irritation and possibly requiring removal or replacement.
– Skin or Cartilage Irregularities: Lumps, uneven appearance, or changes in the firmness of the ear may occur.
– Nerve Injury: Rare but possible; may cause prolonged numbness, tingling, or weakness in the area around the ear.
– Changes in Skin Colour: Redness or pigmentation changes can occur; in rare cases, these may persist.
– Allergic Reaction: Reaction to dressings, sutures, medications, or anaesthetic agents.
– Skin or Cartilage Loss: Rare but may occur if blood supply to the tissues is compromised.
– Recurrence of Ear Position: Over time, the ears may gradually return to their original shape or position.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Body Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Post Weight Loss (Excess Skin Reduction) Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: All Skin Reduction surgery results in permanent scars at the incision sites. The location and length of these scars depend on the extent of surgery. While scars often become less noticeable over time, some may remain prominent. In some individuals, scars can become raised, red, thickened, or stretched. Keloid or hypertrophic scarring can develop, which may be itchy or uncomfortable and may require additional treatment.
– Skin irregularities: After healing, the skin surface may appear uneven. There may be dimpling, or wrinkling, particularly in areas where skin elasticity is reduced. These changes may be temporary or permanent.
– Seroma: A seroma is a collection of clear fluid that can build up beneath the skin in the surgical area. Some seromas resolve without intervention, while others may need to be drained.
– Numbness or changes in skin sensation: Altered sensation, such as numbness, tingling, or increased sensitivity, can occur around the incision sites. This results from disruption to small nerves in the skin during surgery. Changes in sensation may resolve over time or, in some cases, be long-lasting or permanent.
– Skin necrosis: In rare cases, an area of skin may lose its blood supply and die (skin necrosis). This can result in delayed healing, wound breakdown, or the need for further surgical treatment. Risk factors include smoking, certain medical conditions and significant tension on the wound.
– Persistent swelling: Swelling is expected in the early recovery period and usually reduces gradually. In some cases, swelling can last for an extended period or become localised to certain areas. Persistent swelling may require additional treatment or monitoring.
– Asymmetry: Both sides of the body may heal differently due to variations in anatomy, skin elasticity, or the healing process. Asymmetry can vary in severity and in some cases, revision surgery may be discussed.
– Recurrence of excess skin: While excess skin is removed during the procedure, skin can stretch again over time. Factors such as ageing, significant weight changes, pregnancy, or genetic predisposition can contribute to the recurrence of excess skin.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Back Lipectomy (Back Lift) Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Back Lift surgery results in permanent scars that extend horizontally across the back. The location and length of scars vary depending on the surgical technique and amount of skin removed. While scars often fade over time, some may remain raised, red, thickened, or stretched. Keloid or hypertrophic scarring can occur, which may require additional treatment.
– Skin irregularities: Areas of unevenness, dimpling, or wrinkling can occur, particularly in regions with reduced skin elasticity.
– Seroma: A seroma is a collection of fluid beneath the skin at the surgical site. This can cause swelling or discomfort and may need to be drained.
– Numbness or changes in skin sensation: Altered sensation, such as numbness, tingling, or increased sensitivity, can occur around the incision line and surrounding areas. These changes result from disruption of small nerves during surgery and may resolve over time or be long-lasting.
– Skin necrosis: In rare cases, a section of skin may lose blood supply and die. This can lead to wound breakdown, delayed healing, or require further surgical treatment. Risk factors include smoking, certain health conditions, and significant wound tension.
– Persistent swelling: Swelling is expected in the initial recovery phase and usually decreases gradually. In some cases, swelling may remain localised to certain areas of the back for an extended period.
– Asymmetry: Both sides of the back may heal differently, resulting in visible differences in appearance or scar position. This can occur due to variations in anatomy, skin elasticity, or the healing process.
– Recurrence of excess skin: While the procedure removes excess skin, changes in weight, pregnancy, ageing, or genetics can cause skin laxity to return over time.
– Restricted movement: Tightness across the back may temporarily affect flexibility, particularly when stretching or twisting. This usually dissipates as healing progresses but can occasionally persist.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Brachioplasty (Arm Lift) Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Brachioplasty results in permanent scars along the inside or back of the arms, extending from the armpit to the elbow in most cases. The length and position of scars depend on the surgical technique and the amount of skin removed. While scars often fade over time, some may remain raised, red, thickened, or stretched. Keloid or hypertrophic scars may develop, which can be itchy, uncomfortable, or require further treatment.
– Skin irregularities: Some patients may notice dimpling, shape changes, or wrinkling, particularly in areas where skin elasticity is reduced.
– Seroma: A build-up of fluid (seroma) can occur beneath the skin in the surgical area, causing swelling or discomfort. This may require drainage.
– Numbness or changes in skin sensation: Altered sensation, such as numbness, tingling, or increased sensitivity, can occur around the incision sites and upper arms. This is caused by disruption to small sensory nerves during surgery and may resolve over time or be permanent.
– Skin necrosis: In rare cases, a section of skin may lose its blood supply and die (skin necrosis). This can delay healing and may require further treatment or surgery. Risk factors include smoking, certain health conditions, and excessive wound tension.
– Persistent swelling: Swelling is expected in the early recovery phase and typically reduces over time. In some cases, swelling may last longer or remain localised to certain areas of the arm.
– Asymmetry: Both arms may heal differently, resulting in noticeable differences in shape, scar position, or skin tightness.
– Recurrence of excess skin: While excess skin is removed during surgery, changes in weight, ageing, pregnancy, or genetic factors can lead to the return of skin laxity over time.
– Restricted movement: Temporary tightness or pulling in the upper arm or armpit region can affect movement, particularly when lifting the arms above the head. This usually changes as healing progresses but can occasionally persist.
– Lymphatic changes: Surgery may affect lymphatic drainage in the upper arm, leading to prolonged swelling or, rarely, lymphedema (fluid build-up due to lymphatic obstruction).

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Thighplasty (Thigh Lift) Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Thigh Lift surgery leaves permanent scars. Their location depends on the surgical technique and may be along the inner thigh, groin crease, or down to the knee. While scars may become less noticeable over time, some may remain raised, red, thickened, or stretched. Keloid or hypertrophic scarring can occur, which may be itchy, uncomfortable, or require additional treatment.
– Skin surface changes: Dimpling, wrinkling, or uneven areas can occur, particularly in regions where skin elasticity is reduced.
– Seroma: A build-up of fluid under the skin can occur after surgery. This can cause swelling or discomfort and may need drainage.
– Altered skin sensation: Numbness, tingling, or increased sensitivity can occur around the incision sites or in the thighs. This happens when small nerves are affected during surgery and can be temporary or permanent.
– Skin necrosis: In rare cases, areas of skin may lose blood supply and die. This can cause wound breakdown and may require further treatment. Smoking, certain health conditions, and high tension on the wound can increase this risk.
– Ongoing swelling: Swelling is to be expected after Thigh Lift surgery and usually lessens with time. In some cases, swelling may persist for an extended period or remain in specific areas.
– Differences between thighs: Each thigh may heal differently, resulting in variations in scar position, skin tightness, or overall appearance.
– Return of excess skin: Although skin is removed during surgery, factors such as ageing, weight changes, pregnancy, or genetics can lead to the return of excess skin over time.
– Movement restriction: Tightness in the thigh or groin area may temporarily affect walking, bending, or sitting comfortably. In some cases, this may continue for longer periods.
– Lymphatic changes: Surgery can alter lymphatic drainage in the thighs, leading to prolonged swelling or, in some cases lymphedema (fluid build-up).

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Abdominoplasty Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Abdominoplasty results in permanent scars. These are typically located horizontally across the lower abdomen, and in some cases, around the navel. While scars may become less noticeable over time, some may remain raised, red, thickened, or stretched. Keloid or hypertrophic scarring can occur, which may cause discomfort or require further treatment.
– Skin surface changes: Wrinkling, unevenness, or skin folds can occur, especially if skin elasticity is reduced.
– Seroma: A fluid build-up under the skin (seroma) can develop after surgery. This can cause swelling or discomfort and may require drainage.
– Altered skin sensation: Numbness, tingling, or heightened sensitivity can occur in the lower abdomen or around the incision sites. This is due to disruption of small nerves and may be temporary or permanent.
– Skin necrosis: In rare cases, an area of skin may lose blood supply and die. This can lead to wound breakdown and may require additional treatment or surgery. Smoking, certain health conditions, and high wound tension can increase this risk.
– Ongoing swelling: Swelling is expected after surgery and typically lessens with time. In some cases, swelling may last for an extended period or remain localised to specific areas.
– Differences in abdominal appearance: Healing may occur differently on each side of the abdomen, leading to variations in scar position, skin tightness, or overall appearance.
– Return of excess skin: Although skin is removed during surgery, factors such as ageing, significant weight changes, pregnancy, or genetics can cause excess skin to return over time.
– Movement restriction: Tightness in the abdominal area may temporarily affect bending, stretching, or standing fully upright. In some cases, this can persist for a longer period.
– Lymphatic changes: Changes to lymphatic drainage in the abdomen can lead to prolonged swelling or, rarely, lymphedema (fluid build-up).

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Extended Abdominoplasty Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Extended Abdominoplasty leaves permanent scars. These usually extend across the lower abdomen and around to the hips. In some cases, there may also be a scar around the navel. While scars can become less noticeable over time, some may remain raised, red, thickened, or stretched. Keloid or hypertrophic scarring can occur, which may cause discomfort or require additional treatment.
– Skin surface changes: After healing, wrinkling, unevenness, or skin folds can occur, especially in areas with reduced skin elasticity.
– Seroma: A build-up of fluid under the skin can occur after surgery. This can cause swelling or discomfort and may require drainage.
– Altered skin sensation: Numbness, tingling, or increased sensitivity can occur in the abdominal area, hips or around the incision sites. This is caused by disruption to sensory nerves during surgery and may be temporary or permanent.
– Skin necrosis: In rare cases, a section of skin may lose its blood supply and die. This can lead to wound breakdown and may require additional treatment or surgery. Smoking, certain health conditions, and high wound tension can increase this risk.
– Ongoing swelling: Swelling is expected after surgery and usually reduces over time. In some cases, swelling may persist for an extended period or remain localised to certain areas.
– Differences appearance: Each side of the abdomen and hips may heal differently, leading to variations in scar position, skin tightness, or shape.
– Return of excess skin: Although skin is removed during surgery, factors such as ageing, significant weight changes, pregnancy, or genetics can cause excess skin to return over time.
– Movement restriction: Tightness in the abdominal and hip areas may temporarily affect bending, stretching, or standing fully upright. In some cases, this may persist for a longer period.
– Lymphatic changes: Surgery can alter lymphatic drainage in the abdomen or flanks, leading to prolonged swelling or, rarely, lymphedema (fluid build-up).

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Circumferential Lipectomy Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: This surgery results in permanent scars encircling the lower torso, generally positioned low on the abdomen, hips, and back. Over time, scars may fade but some can remain raised, red, thickened, or stretched. Keloid or hypertrophic scars may develop, potentially causing discomfort or requiring further treatment.
– Skin texture changes: Following healing, the skin around the treated areas may show irregularities such as wrinkling, puckering, or unevenness, especially where skin elasticity is limited.
– Seroma formation: Fluid accumulation beneath the skin is possible and may produce swelling or discomfort. Some cases require drainage to resolve the fluid build-up.
– Changes in skin sensation: Numbness, tingling, or heightened sensitivity can occur near the incision sites or surrounding regions due to nerve disturbance during surgery. These sensory changes can be temporary or permanent.
– Skin loss (necrosis): Rarely, a portion of skin may lose its blood supply and die, leading to wound complications that may require additional treatment or surgical intervention. Factors such as smoking, underlying medical conditions, and tension on the wound increase this risk.
– Prolonged swelling: Swelling is common after surgery and usually diminishes with time. Occasionally, swelling may persist in specific areas for an extended period.
– Healing differences between sides: The right and left sides of the body may heal at different rates or in different ways, potentially resulting in variations in scar placement, skin tightness, or body shape.
– Recurrence of excess skin: Although excess skin is removed, factors like ageing, weight fluctuations, pregnancy, or genetic predisposition may cause skin laxity to reappear over time.
– Temporary movement limitations: Tightness or discomfort around the abdomen, hips, and lower back can restrict bending, twisting, or standing fully upright. This limitation usually resolves but may persist in some cases.
– Lymphatic system effects: The surgery can impact lymphatic drainage in the treated areas, which may cause ongoing swelling or, in rare cases, lymphedema (fluid retention).

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Body Liposuction Risks and Complications

– Irregular or uneven skin surface: Liposuction can result in areas where the skin appears bumpy or with indentations due to uneven fat removal or skin elasticity differences.
– Asymmetry: Different sides of the body may heal or respond differently, leading to asymmetrical appearance in treated areas.
– Skin laxity: After fat removal, the skin may appear lax if skin elasticity is insufficient to adapt to the new shape.
– Numbness or altered sensation: Temporary or permanent changes in skin sensation, such as numbness, tingling, or increased sensitivity, can occur in the treated areas.
– Seroma formation: Fluid may accumulate under the skin following liposuction, sometimes requiring drainage.
– Skin discoloration or bruising: The treated areas may show prolonged bruising or changes in skin colour that usually dissipate over time.
– Fat embolism (rare but serious): Fat particles can enter the bloodstream and cause blockages in blood vessels, which is a rare but potentially serious complication.
– Infection of fat tissue (necrotizing fasciitis or abscess): Though uncommon, infections within the fat or surrounding tissues can develop and require treatment.
– Irregularities due to fibrosis or scarring: Hardening or thickening of tissues under the skin can lead to lumps or unevenness.
– Poor skin retraction: In some cases, the skin does not contract adequately after fat removal, leaving residual fullness or unevenness.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Labiaplasty Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: The procedure results in scars along the edges of the labia, which are permanent. While scars usually heal well and become less noticeable, some may remain raised, thickened, or sensitive.
– Changes in sensation: Numbness, increased sensitivity, or altered sensation can occur in the labial tissue. These changes may resolve over time or persist.
– Asymmetry: The labia may heal unevenly, resulting in size or shape differences between sides.
– Wound healing issues: Incisions may take longer to heal or may open, potentially requiring additional care or treatment.
– Infection: Infection at the surgical site can occur, requiring antibiotics or further medical attention.
– Bleeding or hematoma: Bleeding during or after surgery may cause swelling or bruising and may require intervention.
Scar tissue formation: Excessive scar tissue or adhesions may develop, sometimes affecting comfort or appearance.
– Dyspareunia (pain during intercourse): Some patients may experience discomfort during sexual activity following surgery, which can be temporary or longer-lasting.
– Urinary changes: Temporary changes in urination patterns or discomfort during urination may occur.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Breast Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Breast Augmentation Risks and Complications

– Poor Scarring: Incisions made to place breast implants result in permanent scars. The size, shape, and location of these scars depend on the surgical approach used. Scars usually fade and become less noticeable over time, but in some cases, they may remain visible, raised, thickened, or widened. Some patients may develop hypertrophic or keloid scars, which can be itchy or uncomfortable and may require additional treatments such as silicone gels or steroid treatments.
– Capsular Contracture: After implant placement, the body forms a fibrous capsule around the implant. In some cases, this capsule may tighten and harden, a condition known as capsular contracture. This tightening can cause the breast to feel firm or hard, leading to discomfort or pain and lead to changes in the shape or position of the breast. Capsular contracture can vary in severity and may require surgical intervention to release or remove the capsule.
– Implant Rupture or Leakage: Breast implants are durable but not lifetime devices. Over time, implants may rupture or develop leaks. Rupture of silicone gel implants may be “silent” and detected only by imaging, while saline implant ruptures often cause noticeable deflation. Implant rupture or leakage can lead to changes in breast size or shape and usually requires surgical removal or replacement of the implant.
– Changes in Breast Sensation: Numbness, increased sensitivity, or altered sensation can occur in the nipple, areola, or breast tissue after surgery. These changes may be caused by nerve disturbance during the procedure and can be temporary, with gradual return of sensation over several months. In some cases, altered sensation can be long-lasting or permanent.
– Asymmetry: Breasts are often asymmetrical before surgery, and healing after breast augmentation can result in differences between the breasts in terms of size, shape, implant position, or scar appearance. Some degree of asymmetry may persist or become more noticeable after surgery.
– Implant Displacement or Malposition: Implants may move from their original placement, causing visible changes in breast shape or position. Displacement can result from factors such as surgical technique, tissue quality, or trauma after surgery. Implant malposition can cause discomfort and may require revision surgery.
– Rippling or Wrinkling: In some patients, especially those with thin breast tissue or low body fat, the edges of the implants may become visible or palpable through the skin. This can appear as rippling, wrinkling, or folds on the surface of the breast. The degree of rippling can vary depending on implant type, placement, and patient anatomy.
– Infection: Infection can occur around the implant site, either soon after surgery or later. Signs include redness, swelling, warmth, pain, or discharge. Infection typically requires treatment with antibiotics and, in some cases, removal of the implant until the infection resolves.
– Haematoma: A haematoma is a collection of blood that accumulates around the implant after surgery, leading to swelling, bruising, and discomfort. Significant haematomas may require drainage or additional surgery to evacuate the blood and control bleeding.
– Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): BIA-ALCL is a rare type of immune system cancer linked to certain types of textured breast implants. It usually presents as swelling or fluid accumulation around the implant years after surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are important and typically involve implant removal and additional medical care.
– Interference with Breast Imaging: The presence of breast implants can make it more difficult to obtain clear images during mammograms or other breast imaging tests, potentially affecting the detection of breast abnormalities or cancer. Additional imaging techniques or specialised views may be necessary, and it is important to inform your radiologist about your implants.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Breast Implant Removal and Replacement Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Incisions from implant removal and replacement are permanent. Scar size and location depend on the surgical approach and whether existing scars are reused or new incisions are made. Scars generally fade over time but may remain visible, raised, or thickened. Some patients may develop hypertrophic or keloid scars requiring further management.
– Capsular contracture recurrence: Scar tissue around the implant (capsule) may reform or tighten after replacement, causing firmness, discomfort, or changes in breast shape similar to the initial implant surgery.
– Changes in breast sensation: Numbness, increased sensitivity, or altered sensation of the nipple, areola, or breast tissue may occur due to nerve disruption during surgery. Sensory changes may be temporary or permanent.
– Bleeding or haematoma: Bleeding during or after surgery can cause blood to collect around the implant pocket, leading to swelling, bruising, or pain. Significant bleeding may require drainage or additional surgery.
– Infection: Infection around the implant or surgical site can develop, necessitating antibiotics or, in severe cases, implant removal until the infection resolves.
– Implant rupture or leakage: New implants may rupture or leak over time, requiring future removal or replacement.
– Implant displacement or malposition: New implants may shift from their original position, potentially affecting breast appearance or causing discomfort.
– Asymmetry: Differences in breast size, shape, or implant positioning may occur or persist after replacement surgery.
– Scar tissue changes: Removal of the old implant and capsule can alter the shape and texture of the breast pocket, potentially affecting implant fit and appearance.
– Seroma formation: Fluid accumulation in the implant pocket or surrounding tissues can occur and may require drainage.
– Delayed wound healing: Some incision sites may take longer to heal or may reopen, requiring additional care.
– Skin or tissue necrosis: Areas of skin or breast tissue may lose blood supply and die, leading to wound complications and potentially needing further treatment.
– Lymphatic changes: Surgery may affect lymphatic drainage in the breast area, possibly causing prolonged swelling.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Mastopexy (Breast Lift) Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Incisions made during a Breast Lift result in permanent scars. The length and location of scars depend on the surgical technique used, such as periareolar (around the nipple), vertical, or inverted T (anchor) patterns. Scars typically fade over time but may remain visible, raised, thickened, or widened in some cases. Some patients may develop hypertrophic or keloid scars, which can cause discomfort or require treatment.
– Changes in breast sensation: Numbness, tingling, increased sensitivity, or decreased sensation in the nipple, areola, or breast tissue can occur following surgery. These sensory changes may change over time or persist.
– Asymmetry: Breasts may heal differently, leading to differences in size, shape, nipple position, or scar appearance between the two breasts.
– Wound healing issues: Incisions may take longer to heal, may separate, or may require additional care if wound healing complications arise.
– Infection: Infection at the surgical site can develop and may need antibiotic treatment or further medical management.
– Bleeding or haematoma: Bleeding during or after surgery can cause swelling, bruising, or pain. In some cases, a collection of blood (haematoma) may require drainage.
– Loss of nipple or areola tissue: Though rare, blood supply to the nipple or areola can be compromised, resulting in partial or tissue loss. This may require additional treatment.
– Changes in breast shape: Changes in breast shape can occur during healing due to tissue changes or scar formation.
– Persistent swelling: Swelling is to be expected after surgery but may last longer than expected in some areas.
– Difficulty breastfeeding: Some patients may experience reduced ability to breastfeed after Mastopexy due to changes in breast tissue or milk ducts.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Reduction Mammoplasty (Breast Reduction) Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Incisions from Breast Reduction surgery result in permanent scars. Their size and location depend on the surgical technique used, such as anchor, vertical, or liposuction-assisted approaches. While scars generally fade over time, some may remain visible, raised, thickened, or widened. Hypertrophic or keloid scars can develop, which may require additional treatment.
– Changes in breast sensation: Numbness, tingling, increased sensitivity, or decreased sensation in the nipple, areola, or breast tissue can occur following surgery. Sensation changes may be temporary or permanent.
– Asymmetry: Breasts may heal unevenly, resulting in differences in size, shape, nipple position, or scar appearance.
– Wound healing problems: Incisions may heal slowly, separate, or develop complications such as infection or delayed closure requiring further care.
– Infection: Infection at the surgical site can occur, necessitating antibiotic treatment or additional intervention.
– Bleeding or haematoma: Bleeding during or after surgery can cause swelling, bruising, or pain. Significant collections of blood (haematoma) may require drainage.
– Loss of nipple or areola tissue: In rare cases, the blood supply to the nipple or areola may be compromised, leading to partial or tissue loss, which may require further treatment.
– Difficulty breastfeeding: Breastfeeding capability may be reduced or lost after Breast Reduction due to removal or disruption of milk ducts and glandular tissue.
– Changes in breast shape: The shape of the breasts may alter during healing because of tissue changes or scar formation.
– Persistent swelling: Swelling is expected but may continue for a prolonged period in some areas.
– Fat necrosis: Areas of fatty tissue within the breast may lose blood supply and harden, potentially causing lumps or firmness.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Fat Transfer to Breast Risks and Complications

– Fat absorption or resorption: Some of the transferred fat may be absorbed by the body over time, which can reduce the final volume gained. Multiple treatments may be needed to achieve desired results.
– Fat necrosis: Fat cells that do not establish a blood supply may die, leading to firm lumps or cysts in the breast tissue. These areas can sometimes cause discomfort or be mistaken for abnormalities on imaging.
– Calcification: Small calcium deposits may form in the breast tissue following fat transfer. These are usually harmless but can appear on mammograms and may require further investigation to rule out other conditions.
– Infection: Although rare, infection can develop at the liposuction or recipient sites, requiring antibiotics or further treatment.
– Asymmetry: Uneven fat survival or placement can lead to differences in breast size or shape.
– Changes in breast sensation: Temporary numbness, tingling, or altered sensation can occur in the breast or donor sites due to nerve disturbance.
– Lumpiness or irregularities: Some areas of the breast may feel uneven or lumpy due to uneven fat distribution or fat necrosis.
– Over- or under-correction: The final breast volume may be less than expected due to fat resorption, or, less commonly, overfilled areas may occur.
– Impact on breast imaging: Fat transfer can cause changes in breast tissue that may complicate mammogram interpretation. It is important to inform your radiologist about prior fat transfer procedures.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

Gynaecomastia (Male Breast Reduction) Risks and Complications

– Poor scarring: Incisions made during surgery will leave permanent scars. The size and location depend on the surgical technique, such as periareolar incisions or liposuction-only approaches. Scars usually fade over time but may remain visible, raised, thickened, or widened. Some patients may develop hypertrophic or keloid scars requiring further treatment.
– Changes in nipple or breast sensation: Numbness, tingling, increased sensitivity, or decreased sensation in the nipple or surrounding skin can occur after surgery. These changes may dissipate over time or, less commonly, be permanent.
– Asymmetry: Postoperative differences in chest shape or nipple position may occur due to uneven tissue removal or healing.
– Wound healing complications: Incisions may heal slowly, separate, or develop infections requiring additional care.
– Infection: Infection at the incision sites or within the breast tissue can develop, potentially requiring antibiotics or further intervention.
– Bleeding or haematoma: Bleeding during or after surgery can cause swelling, bruising, or pain. Significant blood collections may need drainage.
– Irregularities: Uneven removal of tissue or fat can result in lumps, depressions, or irregular chest appearance.
– Seroma: Fluid accumulation under the skin may occur and sometimes requires drainage.
– Skin necrosis: Rarely, areas of skin may lose blood supply and die, leading to wound breakdown and potential further treatment.
– Temporary movement restriction or discomfort: Tightness or discomfort in the chest area may limit arm movement or cause pain temporarily.

Dr Kode will discuss these potential risks with you in detail, along with ways to reduce them, so you can make an informed decision.

It is important to do your research in order to understand the risks associated with your chosen surgery. Surgical risks will also be covered in detail in your consultation with Dr Gary Kode and again before you proceed with surgery. Further, risks and complications are also on your informed consent forms and ASPS (Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons) Surgery Documentation.

You will be given a detailed list of potential plastic surgery risks or potential complications, including risks, specific to certain procedures. It is also important to read all materials provided to you regarding your procedure. Further, make sure you follow Dr Kode’s advice to help reduce risks where possible.

It’s important to understand that not all aspects of surgery may go as anticipated. However, selecting a qualified, experienced plastic surgeon like Dr Kode and undergoing your procedure in an accredited private hospital can help make sure you’re supported appropriately if unexpected concerns arise.

For more information contact the Me Clinic on 03 4225 8358

Useful Resources on Reducing Your Risks of Surgery

Disclaimer

The above list is general information only. Every surgical procedure carries individual risks, which should be discussed in detail with your plastic surgeon. A thorough consultation will help you understand potential complications in relation to your health history and surgical goals.

Risks of Cosmetic Surgery and Complications

General Risks of Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery

General Anaesthesia Risks

Bleeding (Hematoma)

Fluid Build-Up (Seroma)

Infection

Delayed Wound Healing

Scarring or hypertrophic scars

Serious, Life Threatening Risks of Cosmetic Surgery

Deep Vein Thrombosis or Deep Vein Embolism

Reducing the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) after plastic surgery

A Stroke or Death

Face Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Body Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Breast Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Useful Resources on Reducing Your Risks of Surgery

Disclaimer

About Dr Gary Kode MED0001405964

Next Steps

General Risks of Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery

General Anaesthesia Risks

Bleeding (Hematoma)

Fluid Build-Up (Seroma)

Infection

Delayed Wound Healing

Scarring or hypertrophic scars

Serious, Life Threatening Risks of Cosmetic Surgery

Deep Vein Thrombosis or Deep Vein Embolism

Reducing the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) after plastic surgery

A Stroke or Death

Face Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Body Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Breast Surgery Specific Risks and Complications

Summary of Patient Consent and Risks of Cosmetic Surgery

Useful Resources on Reducing Your Risks of Surgery

Disclaimer

About Dr Gary Kode MED0001405964

Next Steps